مجله مطالعات داستانی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 20، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Literary schools is a universal division that contains whole literary genre of different nation. In other hand all of the universal literary works are subordinates of literary school. Literary school begins with classicism and end with surrealism. Surrealism was an artistic movement that officially began in France in 1922 and was called Surrealism. While Dadaism was on the verge of extinction, its followers gathered around Andre Burton, who was once a Dadaist, and laid the groundwork for a new school. The school's approach reflects the turmoil of the twentieth century. This school explores the layers of the human mind and does not pay much attention to reality. What is important in this school are issues such as imagination, illusion, the subconscious mind, and the complexities of the human mind and conscience. Surrealism can be considered a fundamentalist artistic-social movement;Because this school came into being after the world war and was rebellious against all the rules and regulations in the field of art. the Surrealism is a summary if previous schools. It is very important to recognize it completely because it roots in different cultures of Eastern nations Buddhism, Eslamic mysticism and etc.this research try to rival the difference between Iranian and western Surrealism, and investigate the rate of Surrealism schools influence on Persian contemporary fiction based on tree novel: boof e koor, malakoot and shazde ehtejab.

Today, play is one of the most widely used forms of lyric literature. Many contemporary Iranian plays have enriched lyric concepts to reflect the feelings and emotions of the author and the playwrights. Some of these concepts include Saeedi, Radi, and Beizai dramas: love element and romantic themes, happy and unhappy feelings and individual emotions of the author and characters, negative view of the author or some characters in the play. The social and personal relationships of people, the dominance of the play of despair and sadness, the interplay of personalities with society, the humorous and sometimes satirical themes in the storytelling and ... among these, human emotional concepts Radi plays more than others, and Saeedi, and Beizai play with emotional and emotional implications. Historical, political, social, and sometimes mythological implications have been associated; the expression of unconscious and self-conscious characters in Saeedi is more pronounced. The focus on personality, language, and poetic expression and narrative in Beizai's plays is remarkable, yet the description and dominance of the sad atmosphere and negative outlook on life and society in the works of all three playwrights, it is very similar in use.

In the present study, by recognizing the analysis of Khanian's skills in constructing and dealing with the narrative and examining its methods from the perspective of centralization based on Gerard Genet's theory, the question arises that; From what point of view does the narrator look at the people and events of the story? The narrative of the story is limited to the point of view? The focus of the novel formed in this novel is temporal, spatial, psychological and ideological, and the narrator is the center of attention, which justifies the narrative and the polyphony of the narrative. Frequency, duration, and timing are significantly in the text, and love and war are the two main focal points that flow in the pure love of two adolescents due to the violence and cruelty of war. Jamshidkhanian, one of the prominent writers in the field of children and adolescents in Iran with a tendency to real style in his works in recent years, especially in the novel "Younes's romances in the belly of a fish" has led to attracting adolescent audiences.

One of the main fictional and rhetorical focal points of HaftPeykar and HastBihisht lies in their characterization of women. The quality of looking at women as well as the devices that the poet develops in order to illustrate their looks play important roles in the success of these works. The present study examines comparatively the characterization of women in HaftPeykar and HashtBihisht from aesthetic and fictional viewpoints. The results show that one can divide women in HaftPeykar to two groups: sober, inaccessible, and audacious ones who do not easily yield to men. These women belong to both the lower (slave-girl) and upper classes of the society. Other women in HaftPeykar are passive and Nizami mentions them for the sake of verbal embellishments and in order to prove his power of description, both of which can also be considered as his weak points. Conversely, women in HashtBihisht are lascivious and sensual and yield to unworthy, ignoble men. Regardless of the class they belong to, whether they are queens or slave-girls, women in HashtBihisht are infidels, and some of the anecdotes of the seven stories within HashtBihisht are devoted to the subjects of lasciviousness and infidelity. In HaftPeykar, women are safe even in the most deserted places and they find their beloved ones only through the framework of religion (as in the story of the White Dome); however, women in HashtBihisht are unfettered by any rules or conventions.

Hassan Asghari is one of the active and dynamic figures of the third generation of contemporary Iranian story writers in the field of political-social stories, who is trying to discover a suitable form for her stories. His novel "The Roar of the Sea", which is a revised and rewritten version of his previous novel "Let go of my horse", is considered one of the historical novels due to its dealing with the issues of the constitutional era and the struggles of the Jungle Movement. In it, he has depicted the efforts of the fighters and revolutionaries of the Jungle Movement to re-establish the National Assembly and remove the roots of oppression and tyranny in the society. In this research, both the changes made in the revised version and its story elements have been studied and analyzed in a descriptive-analytical way. Although this novel is considered a historical novel, it owes more to the author's imagination, in which the author has tried to provide the reader with the possibility of understanding various aspects of the situation by telling a single story from the point of view of different narrators. Also, in this story, the tone and language, space and geographical location mentioned in it show the author's awareness of all the historical issues of the constitutional era and show her skill in using story elements.

This article, based on the approach of Eden Chambers theory, descriptively-analytically examines the elements of "style", "angle of view", "expressive gaps" and "advocacy" in the story series "Garden of a Thousand Girls" from the legend of Shabannejad. The importance of reader-centered literary criticism in this work lies in the fact that it contains two fundamental questions, one about the nature of literature and the other about its child readers. According to this article, the author has used not only different concepts but also different techniques in conveying the meaning to the hidden reader, which shows that he has consciously used different communication methods to communicate with the children and adolescents of his time, in simple, slang and poetic language. In this work, the child is more free to understand the meaning of the story, as if the author has accepted his place in recreating the other half of the story, but in some cases, the reader has no choice but to be influenced by the space and tone of the story from the author's point of view. Align. Thus, suspensions and gaps remain on the surface and never provide opportunities for the reader to freely comprehend in the deep layers of meaning. The latent reader of this story series as a child in every age feels satisfied and proud of reading national beliefs, concerns and hopes

The basic assumption of the research is that with the beginning of modernization in the first Pahlavi era and its intensification in the second Pahlavi era, the contradiction between tradition and modernism and the impact of modernity on women in society increased and some of this contradiction is represented in Iranian literary works. The research question is: Iranian women in the years leading up to the revolution of 1979. and at the same time, how did he live and experience the social changes and modernization of himself and society? and how is this experience represented in Persian fiction?. The paradigm used in this study is qualitative, the implementation method is qualitative and the sample selection is purposeful. Tarlān's long story has been selected as a representative example, considering the presence of feminist representational elements in it. Several feminist sociological approaches have been used to examine the assumption and the main question of the research. The results show that although the contradiction between traditional and modern society and the impact of capitalist modernization on superstructures such as individualistic and egalitarian rights, family, literature, women and Iranian feminism are represented in the sample, but this representation of strong structure and manifestation It is not transparent.

Ebrahim Yonsi, a contemporary storyteller whose origin is the west (Kurdish regions) of Iran. The novels "Dada Shirin" and " Doa baraye Armen " are considered two prominent works of Ebrahim Younesi, and because they delve into the characters and classes of the western regions of Iran, they are considered in the category of social-peasant novels, and usually revolve around rural and poor characters. The Pahlavi era is coming. This article has depicted the approach of Ebrahim Yonsi in personality rehabilitation and personality development with descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research show that Ebrahim Yonsi used indirect characterization as the dominant method in character processing in his stories; Description, conversation, action and behavior, name and environment are the manifestations of indirect characterization in the stories of Dadashirin and Dua for Armen, in which the elements of description and environment were more prominent. Dialogues, including monologues, do not have a prominent presence in Ebrahim Younisi's novels, and this shows that Ebrahim Younisi does not pay much attention to the psychoanalysis of characters in his novels and tries to appear in the position of a narrator.

Narratology is a new approach to structuralist studies that systematically examines narratives. Time is one of the fundamental components in the creation of any narrative that, along with causality, advances the story line. Gerard Genet (1930-2018) is a prominent French narrator whose structuralist studies of narrative are considered one of the most complete analyzes of narrative texts; He considers time to be the main element in advancing any narrative. This structuralist theorist has studied the three grammatical factors of time in narrative (order, continuity, frequency) in order to reveal the role of time structure and its effect on narrative discourse. Al-Wasaya is a novel by Adel Esmat, an Egyptian author and winner of the 2019 Arabic Booker Prize. The element of time plays a key role in this narrative and the time games and narrative techniques used by Adel Esmat not only create a new type of narrative, but also make the work more dynamic and motivate any kind of reader. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the story time and text time by descriptive-analytical method with emphasis on Gerard Genet's theory of time. The research findings indicate that the time component and its types are widely used in the novel and the novel does not have a regular linear order. The events are narrated retrospectively and futurist, and the novel's time course is based on the failure of time and incoherent travels.

The present study has studied the indicators and standards of publishing children and adolescents in the stories of Mohammad Reza Bayrami in a descriptive-analytical manner and using library resources. First, the required standards in content levels, story design, characterization, dialogue, perspective and language based on the perceptual and psychological aspects of children and adolescents are described from theoretical books developed for children and adolescents, then reviewed in the selected stories of this author. have became. In the following, pathology is mentioned (such as the lack of coordination between the language of the writings and the minds of the audience, the narration of the infinite and counter-demonstrative totality, etc.) and solutions for overcoming the injuries are presented. The results of this study showed that in the stories, the lack of basic, sensitive and attractive events has caused the readers to not be able to find a proper sensory relationship with such works and inevitably the percentage of readers of the fictional work of the Holy Defense has decreased. Bayrami has been successful in describing battle scenes that can be engaging. The correct use of the element of suspension and the point of view of the positive point and the lack of attention to the main character of the child is the most important weakness of Bayrami in the processing of the story.

Rereading of Tous`s Character from the Perspective of FreudAbstractReading of the ancient literary texts from the perspective of contemporary theorists is among the fundamental aspects of literary studies leading to the dynamic texts and the reader`s new insights. Sigmund Freud (1865-1939) is one of these important theorists presenting his most important achievement of mind and its function including psyche layers. Shahnameh by Abulqasem Ferdowsi (329-411) is among the significant works including various famous characters in its different sections. Thus, relying on Freud`s theory, the characters are analyzed. Ferdowsi referring Tous, the prince as a hero with multiple characters, depicting his outer and inner conflict well. The paper analyzes Iranian prince`s character and Defense mechanisms from the perspective of Freud.Keywords: Shahnameh, Freud, Tous, Psyche Function, CharacterRereading of Tous`s Character from the Perspective of FreudAbstractReading of the ancient literary texts from the perspective of contemporary theorists is among the fundamental aspects of literary studies leading to the dynamic texts and the reader`s new insights. Sigmund Freud (1865-1939) is one of these important theorists presenting his most important achievement of mind and its function including psyche layers. Shahnameh by Abulqasem Ferdowsi (329-411) is among the significant works including various famous characters in its different sections. Thus, relying on Freud`s theory, the characters are analyzed. Ferdowsi referring Tous, the prince as a hero with multiple characters, depicting his outer and inner conflict well. The paper analyzes Iranian prince`s character and Defense mechanisms from the perspective of Freud.

Memoirs are one of the valuable sources for understanding the political, social and cultural structure of different historical periods. This phenomenon, after the constitutional revolution, has attracted the attention of two groups of society; Political, courtiers - literary, cultural gentlemen were placed and it became a different achievement for the image of society's issues and facts. Writing memoirs from the constitutional period to the Islamic revolution, based on the position and position of the writer, emphasize Memoir writers who emphasize writing political memoirs, when they write about their personal and family issues, they provide useful information about the cultural and social history of a nation. Customs, clothing, social norms, beliefs and such points can be found to a large extent in memories, and these points may be in some ways more important than achievements related to the political history of a society; Because losing some of the cultural situation is an issue that historians of official chronicles pay less attention to. The findings of the research indicate the stylistic differences of poets' and writers' memoirs in comparison with political-court nobles. The works of memoirists of these two groups of society were examined from different aspects and there were obvious differences in the fields of linguistics, literature (way of expression, colloquial and colloquial words, vulgar and unpolite words), the issue of the authenticity of memories, the difference of audiences and the motivation for writing memoirs, and the prevailing atmosphere. There are memoirs.